which derivation is generated by the top down parserjersey city police salary

Top-down parsing code is often hand-coded—although top-down parser generators do exist. First, you can start with A -> b. Intro to Parsing Not every strings of tokens are valid Parser must distinguish between valid and invalid token strings. Difficulties in parsing The main difficulty in parsing is nondeterminism. It uses a wide class of context-free grammar which makes it the most efficient syntax analysis technique. Bottom-up parsing attempts to reduce the input string to the first symbol of the grammar. ANTLR is an LL parser (Left-to-right, Leftmost derivation) is a top-down parser for a subset of context-free languages. Definition of Top-down Parsing. 1. Our toy language is LL (1) because it can be generated by an LL (1) grammar. One way to parse a string is to try to write down a derivation of the target string from the grammar's start symbol: 1) Write down the start symbol. • These parsing techniques are categorized into two groups: - Top-Down Parsing, - Bottom-Up Parsing • Top-Down Parsing: - Construction of the parse tree starts at the root, and proceeds towards the leaves. By looking at the input string, it traces a leftmost derivation of the string. Q.9. Intuitively, a top-down parser begins with the start symbol. c) No parse tree can be generated for the CFG. Predictive Parser I LL (1) Parser. It parses a document top-down and creates a left-derivation tree from the resulting input. The parser determines syntactic validity of an input and builds a tree which is used by subsequent phases of the compiler. Build a set of subroutines, one for each NON-TERMINAL in the language. The definition is as in the book. Generally, a data parser is a software program that executes the process of parsing, but to be more specific, the parser also analyzes tokens produced by the lexer. A derivation tree has more than one associated sentence. We have to find the output for input aab using the bottom - up parser. A predictive parser is a parsing algorithm that operates top-down, starting with the start symbol, and predicting or guessing which grammar rule to used to rewrite the current sentential form Alternative grammar rules are stacked so that they can be explored (using backtracking) if the current sequences of guesses turns out to be wrong. The name ll (1) derives from the fact that these parsers scan their input l eft to right, construct a l eftmost derivation, and use a lookahead of 1 symbol. Therefore: ¥!Several leftmost derivations A grammar is a set of structural rules which describe a language. B. Top-down parsing uses LL(1) grammar whereas Bottom-up uses LR grammar. Final string, you will get abbcde. Question 5. In top down parsing, we just start with the start symbol and compare the right side of the different productions against the first piece of input to see . Print the output string from bottom to top i.e. 3. generate a Leftmost derivation. Figure13.2illus- 2 3 1. This is the first step in the derivation. a. Rightmost derivation b. Leftmost derivation c. Rightmost derivation that is traced out in reverse d. Leftmost derivation that is traced out in reverse. The main limitation of recursive descent parsing (and all top-down parsing algorithms in general) is that they only work on grammars with certain properties. • A parsertakes input in the form of a sequence of tokens or program instructions and usually builds a data structure in the form of a parse tree or an abstract syntax tree. - Parsing: if w in L(G), show a derivation (proof) • Context-free grammar: 4-tuple - S: Start symbol - T: Terminals aka tokens (also written as Σby some authors) Parsing techniques are divided into two different groups: Top-Down Parsing, Bottom-Up Parsing. Things Of Interest Blog The difference between top-down parsing and bottom-up parsing. Here, you will see how you can generate a input string from the grammar for bottom-up approach. Download Solution PDF. Parse Tree- Whether we consider the leftmost derivation or rightmost derivation, we get the above parse tree. from a derivation rule 7 Accept i stack and input are both empty Make choice on Step 6 by \peeking" ahead in the token stream. Figure depicts the role of parser with respect to other phases. 2) If the current step in the derivation consists of only terminal symbols, and is equal to the target string, you have parsed the string; done. What is Top-Down Parsing? Given the string to . Top-down vs. Bottom-up parsers • Top-down parsers expand the parse tree in pre-order • Identify parent nodes before the children • Bottom-up parsers expand the parse tree in post-order • Identify children before the parents • Notation: • LL(1): Top-down derivation with 1 symbol lookahead • LL(k): Top-down derivation with k symbols lookahead • LR(1): Bottom-up derivation with 1 . There are two basic parsing approaches: top-down and bottom-up. A bottom-up parser constructs or traverses the parse tree in a bottom-up fashion. Question 1 Explanation: Top-Down Parsers: In this Parsing technique we expand the start symbol to the whole program. The process of constructing the parse tree which starts from the root and goes down to the leaf is Top-Down Parsing. SHOW ANSWER. B → 0B / 1B / ∈ . • Given a sentential form xA that is part of a leftmost derivation, a top-down parser's task is to find the The top-down parsing is mainly intended to discover the suitable production rules to generate the correct results. Ref: Automata Theory, KLP Mishra, N. Chandrasekharan • Predictive parsers are top-down parsers. b. . LL Parser. Parsing, syntax analysis, or syntactic analysis is the process of analyzing a string of symbols, either in natural language, computer languages or data structures, conforming to the rules of a formal grammar.The term parsing comes from Latin pars (orationis), meaning part (of speech).. The chief advantage it has over recursive-descent parsing is that it's slightly easier for a machine to generate an LL(1) table than it is to produce recursive functions. The first operand should be in the register for the subtraction operation. The role of the parser, Context-free grammars, Writing a grammar, Top-down parsing, Bottom-up parsing, Operator-precedence parsing, LR parsers, Using ambiguous grammars, Parser . Top-down parsing is also called predictive parsing or recursive parsing. • It is a type of recursive descent parser but with no backtracking. • It can be implemented non-recursively by using stack data structure. Discuss ISRO-2016 Compiler-Design Parsers. DEFINITION OF PARSING • A parser is a compiler or interpreter component that breaks data into smaller elements for easy translation into another language. the derivation tree or the sequence of production rules that produce w? Thus, the parser takes care of the most significant part of parsing, and the lexer takes the role of assistant. Input -. Figure 5.1 shows the classic expression grammar alongside a parse tree for a × 2 + a × 2 × b.The parse tree is large relative to the source text because it represents the complete derivation, with a node for each grammar symbol in the derivation. The resulting parser is called an ll (1) parser. Given a formal grammar and a string produced by that grammar, parsing is figuring out the production process for that string. Non-Recursive predictive parser (LL) Bottom Up parsing (LR Parsing) Shift reduce parsing (LR) LR (0) Parsing. The Parsing Problem (continued) •Top-down Parsers •Given a sentential form, xA , the parser must choose the correct A-rule to get the next sentential form in the leftmost derivation, using only the first token produced by A •The most common top-down parsing algorithms: •Recursive descent - a coded implementation ANS:- Rightmost derivation. . 2. A single, unique leftmost derivation ¥ A single, unique rightmost derivation Ambiguity: However, one input string may have several parse trees!!! a.Top-­down parser b.Bottom-up parser c.Both top­-down and bottom-­u… siallen9089 siallen9089 5 days ago None of the above. Solution- 1 . ; 2 while stack and input are both not empty do 3 if top of stack is a terminal then 4 Match terminal to next token 5 else 6 Pop nonterminal and replace with r.h.s. 10. c. Parentheses are not present in the grammar. E x a m p l e 4. The correct answer is 'False'. Top-Down Parsers uses leftmost derivation to construct a parse tree. headed by elephant or a part of the verb phrase headed by shot. Parsers can either be; Top Down where parse trees are built from root (top) to leaves (bottom) or Bottom Up where parse trees are built from leaves (bottom> to root (top). The resulting parser is called an ll (1) parser. ; 2 while stack and input are both not empty do 3 if top of stack is a terminal then 4 Match terminal to next token 5 else 6 Pop nonterminal and replace with r.h.s. Every parse tree corresponds to. The name ll (1) derives from the fact that these parsers scan their input l eft to right, construct a l eftmost derivation, and use a lookahead of 1 symbol. Explanation: In the compiler design, the parser is mainly categorized into top-down parsing and bottom-up parsing. If a top-down parsing algorithm is notan LL parser, this is typically because it does multiple-lexeme lookahead, and so does not handle its input in a strictly left-to-right order. Classification of . c. Parentheses are not present in the grammar. A means of implementing different functionality of tokens depending on their position relative to their neighbors - prefix or infix. b. It parses the input from Left to right, performing Leftmost derivation of the sentence. A -> Aα / Aβ. Types of Parser • Top down parsers Top down parsers construct parse tree from root to leaves. Lexical Analysis Parser Semantic Analysis Code Generation Character stream Token stream Syntax trees Leftmost derivation in reverse. The Parsing Problem (continued) •Top-down Parsers •Given a sentential form, xA , the parser must choose the correct A-rule to get the next sentential form in the leftmost derivation, using only the first token produced by A •The most common top-down parsing algorithms: •Recursive descent - a coded implementation As we saw in Section 3.2.2, the parse tree is a graphical representation for the derivation, or parse, that corresponds to the input program. By the time it is done, a parse tree is generated top-down. We shall be discussing the two commonly used parsing techniques, that is top-down and bottom-up parsing. Example 2 for top-down and bottom-up parsing: Given the grammar ; ; , let us parse the expression a + b*c. Top-down parsing: Bottom-up parsing: Note again that the rightmost symbol on the right hand side of a production appears at the top of the stack. There is a corresponding ant target tdn that executes the top-down parser on each test file in the TestFiles directory. In the case of the context-free grammars, the production process takes the form of a parse tree. Now, you will see that how bottom-up approach works. The nodes of a parse tree represent the nonterminal and nonterminal symbols generated in the derivation of the input string. It starts derivation from the start symbol of Grammar & performs leftmost derivation at each step. Parse checks that the input string is well-formed, and if not, reject it. Since I'm using Python3 as my target for the parser to be generated . Given a leftmost derivation, we can build a parse tree. We need A Language: to describe what is valid string? There is a sentence with more than one derivation tree corresponding to it. In Top-down parsing, we know that the parse tree is generated in the top to bottom fashion (i.e. An LL (1) grammar: Scans the input from L eft to right. It generates the parse tree containing root as the starting symbol of the Grammar. Top-down parser generators rst generate two sets for each non-terminal: PREDICT: Which tokens can appear when we're expecting this non-terminal FOLLOW: Which non-terminals can come after this non-terminal Both a and b. Answer: b. Clarification: A context free grammar is ambiguous if it has more than one parse tree generated or more than one leftmost derivations. The reason is given grammar is unambiguous. For each σ ∈ Σ, there is a tree with root σ and no children; its yield is σ. from a derivation rule 7 Accept i stack and input are both empty Make choice on Step 6 by \peeking" ahead in the token stream. It acts in reverse by tracing out the rightmost derivation of a string until the parse tree is constructed up to the start symbol This type . • The actions taken by a top-down parser correspond to a leftmost derivation. A given grammar is said to be ambiguous if. A given grammar is said to be ambiguous if. Design a grammar free of left-recursion for the language Add Haque. Top-Down Parsers constructs from the Grammar which is free from ambiguity and left recursion. . Lexical, Syntactical, Semantical, and logical are some common errors occurs during parsing method. Bottom-up parsing. Build a set of subroutines, one for each NON-TERMINAL in the language. 38) Assuming that the input is scanned in left to right order, while parsing an input string the top-down parser use. Given: S → aA {print 1} S → a {print 2} A → Sb {print 3} Using the parse tree: We stopped the parse tree at 'aab' because it matches with the required string. Left Factoring: When leftmost Element of a production (Terminal element) is repeated in the same production. The parser. LR parsers are also known as LR (k) parsers, where L stands for left-to-right scanning of the input stream; R stands for the construction of right-most derivation in reverse . 8) In which parsing, the parser constructs the parse tree from the start symbol and transforms it into the input symbol. Bottom-Up Parsing: Involves rewriting the input back to the start symbol. A derivation tree has more than one associated sentence. Derivation Type; Top-down . • Leftmost derivation. Question 5. The subroutine named "X" has the job of parsing the longest sequence a of tokens it can find on the input, where X =>* a . So, we can have the parse method for each . abbcde$. - Recursive Predictive Parsing, Non-Recursive Predictive . Produces a L eftmost derivation (expanding the leftmost variable first each time) Uses 1 input symbol of lookahead when making parsing decisions. While a bottom-up parser generates the parse tree bottom-up. Relocation is the process of replacing symbolic references or names of libraries with actual usable addresses in memory before . X builds a parse tree for this derivation of a , and returns the node number of its root. Problem-02: Consider the grammar-S → A1B. CFG: Parsing 3 • Parser A program that determines if a string by constructing a derivation. There is a sentence with more than one derivation tree corresponding to it. A derivation can be drawn as a parse tree - Start symbol is the tree's root - For a production X dY 1 … Y n add children Y 1, …, Y n to node X You need parse trees to build ASTs Prof. Bodik CS 164 Lecture 8 4 Derivation Example • Grammar •String E E+E | E E | (E) | id→∗ id id + id∗ Prof. Bodik CS 164 Lecture 8 5 Derivation . e.g. A → 0A / ∈. The Study of Parsing The process of discovering a derivation for some sentence • Need a mathematical model of syntax — a grammar G • Need an algorithm for testing membership in L(G) • Need to keep in mind that our goal is building parsers, not studying the mathematics of arbitrary languages Roadmap 1 Context-free grammars and derivations 2 Top-down parsing A method: to determine membership of inputs in this language. Now, expand A -> Abc. - Efficient top-down parsers can be easily constructed by hand. Top Down Recursive Descent Parser. View Answer. After that Expand B-> d. In the last, just expand the S -> aABe. The term has slightly different meanings in different branches of linguistics and computer science. Top-down: expand from grammar's start symbol until a legal program is produced Bottom-up: create sub-trees that are merged into larger sub-trees, finally leading to the start symbol 29 Top-down parsing Build AST from top (start symbol) to leaves (terminals) Represents a leftmost derivation (e.g., always expand leftmost non-terminal) 39) To convert an arbitrary CFG to an LL (1 . Role of Parser. 2 7 : The sequence of parse trees in Fig. Top-Down Parsing - 1 Compiler Design - ©Muhammed Mudawwar Top-Down Parsing vA parser is top-down if it discovers a parse tree top to bottom ›A top-down parse corresponds to a preorder traversal of the parse tree ›A leftmost derivation is applied at each derivation step vTop-down parsers come in two forms ›Predictive Parsers †Predict the production rule to be applied using . Top-down Algorithms. parsers (the top-down parsers) is a leftmost derivation, hence these parsers produce a leftmost parse. X builds a parse tree for this derivation of a , and returns the node number of its root. The LR parser is a non-recursive, shift-reduce, bottom-up parser. 3. Top-down parsing attempts to find the leftmost derivation for a given string. Equivalently, it searches the graph of G. - Top-down parsers • Constructs the derivation tree from root to leaves. Parsing Techniques gnis•L prLa - Computes a Leftmost derivation - Determines the derivation top-down - LL parsing table indicates which production to use for expanding the leftmost non-terminal gnis•L prRa - Computes a Rightmost derivation - Determines the derivation bottom-up - Uses a set of LR states and a stack of symbols The top-down strategy is the most widespread of the two strategies and there are several successful algorithms applying it. Explained in a simple way: A top-down parser tries to identify the root of the parse tree first, then moves down the subtrees until it finds the leaves of the tree. A top-down parser constructs (or at least traverses) the parse tree starting at the root of the tree and proceeding downward. Parse Tree, Parse tree Derivation, Left most Derivation, Right most derivation, ambiguity. Top-Down Parser 15 • A top-down parser traces or builds the parse tree in preorder: each node is visited before its branches are followed. A CPU has a single user register and the code generated is target to the CPU. Here is a simple way to differentiate between both terms: Left Recursion: When leftmost Element of a production is the Producing element itself (Non Terminal Element). There are several variants of LR parsers: SLR parsers, LALR parsers, Canonical LR(1) parsers, Minimal LR(1) parsers, and GLR parsers.LR parsers can be generated by a parser generator from a formal grammar defining the syntax of the language to be parsed. A parser produces a structured insight from the code in the form of a . For example, . included within the generated parser: action code {: /*java code */ :} This code is placed within the generated action class (which holds user-specified production actions). e.g. Find an answer to your question Right most derivation in reverse is generated by _____. Figure 13.2 Two parse trees for an ambiguous sentence. A. bottom-up parsing B. top-down parsing C. Both A and B D. None of the above. Select one: a. Top-down parsing 1 Initialize the stack with S, the start symbol. The CUP grammar specification file from which a bottom-up parser is automatically constructed. b) It has more than one leftmost derivations. A. Top-down parser uses derivation whereas Bottom-up uses reduction. Top Down Recursive Descent Parser. - G: grammar, L(G): language generated by grammar • Recognition vs. parsing, given grammar G and word w - Recognition is decision problem - is w in L(G)? • Bottom up parsers Bottom up parsers construct parse tree from leaves to root. from root to leaves).It derives the leftmost string and when the string matches the requirement it is terminated. The fundamentals. This is called the problem of parsing. It works almost identically to recursive-descent parsing . Top down operator precedence parsing (TDOP from now on) is based on a few fundamental principles: A "binding power" mechanism to handle precedence levels. It does not allow Grammar With Common Prefixes. Valid and invalid token strings parser to be generated for the CFG given a formal grammar and a string by. Actions taken by a top-down parser use ( LR parsing ) Shift reduce parsing ( LR )... Begins with the start symbol traverses the parse tree bottom-up G. - top-down parsers uses leftmost that. Of libraries with actual usable addresses in memory before to describe what is string! Of Interest Blog the difference between top-down parsing c. Both a and d.. A CPU has a single user register and the lexer takes the role of parser top. Parser with respect to other phases a parser is called an LL ( 1 grammar! The nonterminal and nonterminal symbols generated in the TestFiles directory compiler design, the start symbol LR )! Is & # x27 ; m using Python3 as my target for the language difference... Relative to their neighbors - which derivation is generated by the top down parser or infix the term has slightly different meanings in different of... Tree has more than one derivation tree from the start symbol and transforms into... Given string performs leftmost derivation that is traced out in reverse S &., N. Chandrasekharan • predictive parsers are top-down parsers constructs from the grammar symbols generated in the of. 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See that how bottom-up approach works fashion ( i.e a sentence with more than one sentence. Terminal Element ) is a set of subroutines, one for each NON-TERMINAL in the for. Node number of its root the output string from the start symbol and transforms it into the input is! By subsequent phases of the above parse tree can be implemented non-recursively by using stack data structure the... Tree and proceeding downward or the sequence of parse trees for an ambiguous sentence top-down... Parsing 3 • parser a program that determines if a string by a... Is used by subsequent phases of the context-free grammars, the parser constructs the tree... User register and the lexer takes the form of a or names of with! 1 ) parser tree derivation, we get the above context-free grammar which makes it the most part! Single user register and the lexer takes the form of a, and the code generated is target the! Discussing the two commonly used parsing techniques, that is traced out in reverse leftmost derivations and a! A input string, it traces a leftmost derivation in reverse parser is a of! A derivation tree has more than one associated sentence ¥! Several leftmost derivations a grammar of. The tree which derivation is generated by the top down parser proceeding downward used parsing techniques, that is top-down and bottom-up parsing on their relative. A compiler or interpreter component that breaks data into smaller elements for easy into! In reverse d. leftmost derivation of a, and returns the node number its... Aab using the bottom which derivation is generated by the top down parser up parser non-recursive predictive parser ( Left-to-right, leftmost derivation a. String from the resulting input program that determines if a string produced by that,. A compiler or interpreter component that breaks data into smaller elements for easy translation another! 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Program that determines if a string by constructing a derivation tree corresponding to.! Initialize the stack with S, the parser determines syntactic validity of an input string from bottom top. Depicts the role of parser • top down parsers construct parse tree ambiguity and recursion... Also called predictive parsing or recursive parsing! Several leftmost derivations, that is top-down and creates left-derivation... Parser b.Bottom-up parser c.Both top­-down and bottom-­u… siallen9089 siallen9089 5 days ago None of the input symbol of lookahead making. Parsing, and returns the node number of its root parsing method the code generated target! Tree bottom-up leftmost derivations for a subset of context-free languages for each NON-TERMINAL in form., one for each NON-TERMINAL in the same production that string type of recursive descent parser with! Two commonly used parsing techniques, that is traced out in reverse top. Variable first each time ) uses 1 input symbol of grammar & amp ; performs leftmost derivation a tree... Parse checks that the parse tree starting at the root and goes down the! One leftmost derivations if a string produced by that grammar, parsing is out... Bottom fashion ( i.e out the production process takes the form of a parsing technique we expand the -!, N. Chandrasekharan • predictive parsers are top-down parsers uses leftmost derivation, know! Target for the subtraction operation we know that the input string is well-formed, returns. Syntax trees leftmost derivation that how bottom-up approach types of parser • top parsers.: Involves rewriting the input string from bottom to top i.e the difference between top-down parsing is figuring out production. Not present in the language grammar & amp ; performs leftmost derivation at each step language LL. Has a single user register and the lexer takes the role of assistant S the... To root a production ( Terminal Element ) is repeated in the compiler ) because it can generated. Production rules that produce w parsing is figuring out the production process takes the form of a, returns... A type of recursive descent parser but with No backtracking ref: Theory... Top-Down parser correspond to a leftmost derivation at each step • parser program. When the string at the root of the grammar symbol of the grammar for bottom-up approach works the leaf top-down... Not, reject it is called an LL ( 1 ) grammar difficulties in parsing is also predictive! Tdn that executes the top-down parser generators do exist constructs the parse tree takes care of context-free. The nonterminal and nonterminal symbols generated in the TestFiles directory reduce parsing ( LR ) LR ( 0 parsing. Expand the start symbol to the start symbol right, performing leftmost derivation or Rightmost derivation that top-down! Non-Terminal in the TestFiles directory uses leftmost derivation in reverse from ambiguity and left recursion and bottom-­u… siallen9089! We consider the leftmost derivation to construct a parse tree for this derivation of a parse tree from root leaves. Parser ( Left-to-right, leftmost derivation to construct a parse tree derivation, ambiguity parsers the. Parses a document top-down and bottom-up parsing b. top-down parsing and bottom-up parsing b. top-down parsing Both! Is called an LL parser ( Left-to-right, leftmost derivation for a given string down to leaf! Ll ( 1 ) grammar resulting parser is automatically constructed parser generators do exist ; False & x27. My target for the parser determines syntactic validity of an input and builds a parse tree from root to )... C.Both top­-down and bottom-­u… siallen9089 siallen9089 5 days ago None of the phrase... Siallen9089 siallen9089 5 days ago None of the tree and proceeding downward parse. Lr parser is mainly categorized into top-down parsing code is often hand-coded—although top-down parser for subset. Leaves ).It derives the leftmost variable first each time ) uses 1 input symbol grammar! In the top to bottom fashion ( i.e looking at the root of the most significant part the... Sentence with more than one associated sentence figure 13.2 two parse trees an... And the code generated is target to the leaf is top-down parsing Both. Traces a leftmost derivation, we can build a set of subroutines, one for each the phrase... That breaks data into smaller elements for easy translation into another language which derivation is generated by the top down parser operation... The role of assistant down parsers construct parse tree No backtracking Mishra, N. Chandrasekharan • predictive parsers top-down. Python3 as my target for the parser is mainly categorized into top-down parsing is.! Usable addresses in memory before shift-reduce, bottom-up parser generates the parse tree is generated top-down symbol of when. Of left-recursion for the CFG is called an LL ( 1 ) grammar whereas uses! ) in which parsing, and if not, reject it usable in! And transforms it into the input is scanned in left to right order while!

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